Nephrotic syndrome

Nephrotic syndrome is a relatively common urological disease of dogs.
This syndrome has a number of defining clinical features - hypoalbuminemia, proteinuria, hyperlipidemia and interstitial edema[2].
Nephrotic syndrome has been associated with, in order of importance:
- Acute mebranous glomerulonephritis[3][4]
- Chronic pyelonephritis
- Renal amyloidosis[5][6]
- Sulphonamide toxicity[7]
- Leishmania spp[8][9]
It is thought that aberrant renal tubule retention of sodium with resultant increase in hydrostatic pressure or a systemic increase in vascular permeability may be the primary defects responsible for development of interstitial fluid accumulation[10].
Clinically affected dogs usually present with anorexia, lethargy, ventral edema, hypertension and cystitis.
Laboratory analysis of urine usually reveals underlying hypoalbuminemia, high urine protein:creatinine ratios (UPC), proteinuria and increased concentrations of fibrinogen, factors V and VIII, and platelet hyperaggregability[11] associated with hypercoagulable thrombotic complications[12].
Nephrotic syndrome is associated with poorer prognosis in dogs with non-azotemic glomerular disease[13]. resulting in thromboembolic disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation[14].
References
- ↑ Kosvi
- ↑ Klosterman ES & Pressler BM (2011) Nephrotic syndrome in dogs: clinical features and evidence-based treatment considerations. Top Companion Anim Med 26(3):135-142
- ↑ Jaenke RS & Allen TA (1986) Membranous nephropathy in the dog. Vet Pathol 23(6):718-733
- ↑ Choi EW & Lee CW (2004) Development of canine nephrotic syndrome model. J Vet Med Sci 66(2):169-174
- ↑ Segev G et al (2012) Renal amyloidosis in dogs: a retrospective study of 91 cases with comparison of the disease between Shar-Pei and non-Shar-Pei dogs. J Vet Intern Med 26(2):259-268
- ↑ Clements CA et al (1995) Splenic vein thrombosis resulting in acute anemia: an unusual manifestation of nephrotic syndrome in a Chinese shar pei with reactive amyloidosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 31(5):411-415
- ↑ Vasilopulos RJ et al (2005) Nephrotic syndrome associated with administration of sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim in a dobermann. J Small Anim Pract 46(5):232-236
- ↑ Koutinas AF et al (1999) Clinical considerations on canine visceral leishmaniasis in Greece: a retrospective study of 158 cases (1989-1996). J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 35(5):376-383
- ↑ Font A & Closa JM (1997) Ultrasonographic localization of a caudal vena cava thrombus in a dog with leishmaniasis. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 38(5):394-396
- ↑ Rondon-Berrios H (2011) New insights into the pathophysiology of oedema in nephrotic syndrome. Nefrologia 31(2):148-154
- ↑ Green RA et al (1985) Hypoalbuminemia-related platelet hypersensitivity in two dogs with nephrotic syndrome. J Am Vet Med Assoc 186(5):485-488
- ↑ Abdullah R (1988) Hemostatic abnormalities in nephrotic syndrome. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 18(1):105-113
- ↑ Klosterman ES et al (2011) Comparison of signalment, clinicopathologic findings, histologic diagnosis, and prognosis in dogs with glomerular disease with or without nephrotic syndrome. J Vet Intern Med 25(2):206-214
- ↑ Ritt MG et al (1997) Nephrotic syndrome resulting in thromboembolic disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 33(5):385-391